Class VII : Civics : The Constitution and The Preamble : QuestionBank

The Constitution and The Preamble

1. When did India win the independence? From whom?
2. Define the term 'Constitution'.
3. What do the rules and regulation in the constitution of  India define?
4. How do we know that the constitution of India was not imposed on us by the British?   OR   Who framed the constitution of India? 
5. Who was the chairman of Constituent Assembly? Who were other important members?
6. When was the first meeting of Constituent Assembly held?
7. When the constitution of India was passed?
8. When the constitution of India came into force?
9. Why 26th January is celebrated as the Republic Day of India?
10. What is a preamble?
11. What is the introduction of the constitution called? What does it tell us about the source of the constitution?
12. What is the source of the constitution?
13. Who gives the government of India the authority to govern the country?
14. What does the constitution of India reflect?
15. Explain the following terms: Sovereign, Democratic, Republic
16. What are the features of a socialist state?
17. What are the features of a secular state?
18. State the objectives of the Constitution with reference to justice, liberty and equality.
19. Why the fraternity among the people of India is promoted in the constitution of India?

Class Vii : Physics : Energy : QuestionBank

Energy


Questions

1. How to calculate work done?
2. What is the S.I unit of work?
3. Write the definition of 1 Joule.
4. Write the definition of energy.
5. Explain: Work and energy have a direct relationship.
6. When the body is said to possess the energy of 1 Joule.?
7. What are the different units of the energy and state their relations?
8. Write the definition of mechanical energy.
9. What are two forms of mechanical energy?
10. How to calculate total mechanical energy?
11. Give two examples of mechanical energy.
12. What is heat energy ? Give one example.
13. Who invented the steam engine? When?
14. What is light energy?
15. Why can't we feel the light energy?
16. Explain the relation of plants and light energy.
17. What is chemical energy?
18. Give two example of chemical energy in our life.
19. Write a note on sound energy.
20. When can we hear the sound?
21. When can a bat hear the sound?
22. What is magnetic energy?
23. Give one use of the electromagnet.
24. What is electric energy? Give example.
25. What is atomic energy?
26. Give examples of peaceful and destructive purposes of atomic energy.
27. Why atomic energy is also called nuclear energy?
28. Write the definition of potential energy. What are the short forms?
29. Give two examples of potential energy due to objects state and explain.
30. Write a note on stretched rubber catapult.
31. Write a note on the hammer and its potential energy.
32. Write uses of falling stone attached to a pulley and falling water from a height.
33. Explain the factors affecting the potential energy of a body place at a height.
34. Write the definition of the kinetic energy. What are the short forms?
35. Give three examples of kinetic energy and write short notes on them.
36. What are the factors affecting the kinetic energy?
37. Give two examples of conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy when put in use.
38. What is meant by transformation of energy?
39. Give 10 examples of conversion of energy from one form into another which you find around you in daily life.
40. State the law of conservation of energy.
41. State the law of conservation of energy for transformation between potential and kinetic energy.
42. What is hydro-energy? What is its use?
43. What is hydro-electricity?

Class VII : Chemistry: Matter And Its Composition

Matter and Its Composition

Definitions : 

Matter: Matter is anything that has mass, occupies space and can be perceived by our senses.

Mass: The quantity of matter that a body contains is known as its mass.

Volume: The space occupied by a body is called its volume. 

Atom: An atom is the smallest possible unit of matter that exhibits all the properties of that matter.  Atoms usually do not have an independent existence. 

Molecule: A molecule is the smallest unit of matter which exhibits all the properties of that kind of matter and also has an independent existence.  A molecule can be formed of the atoms of the same kind (For e.g  H_2, N₂₎ or of the different kinds ( H₂O_, CO₂).

Inter-particular or Intermolecular Space: Particles of matter have space between them. This space is called inter-particular or intermolecular space.

The intermolecular force of attraction: The force of attraction existing between the particles or molecules if matter, which holds them together is called the intermolecular force of attraction. 

Fluids: All substances that can flow are called fluids. Liquids and gases are fluids. 

Interconversion of States of Matter: It is a process by which matter changes from one state to another and back to the original state without any change in its chemical composition when conditions are changes. 

Sublimation:  It is a process in which a substance changes directly from solid state to the vapour state. 

Name two objects made up of each of the following materials:

1. Metal: Gold jewellery, iron bars
2. Wool: Sweater, scarf
3. Cloth:  Shirt, Pant
4. Plastic: Bucket, toys
5. Leather: Shoes, bags

Write a short note on Newton(N).

Newton is a standard Unit (S.I unit) of force and is denoted by letter N. It is named after Sir Issac Newton, a famous scientist in recognition of his work in classical mechanics. 

Why do particles of matter move?

The particles of matter possess kinetic energy. The kinetic energy increases with the increase in the temperature and decreases with the decrease in the temperature. Hence the movement of particles of matter increases or decreases with the increase or decrease in the temperature respectively. 

What are the three main characteristics of the particles of matter?

The three main characteristics of particles of matter are 

1. Particles of matter have space between them which is called intermolecular space.
2. Particles of matter are always in random motion.
3. Particles of matter attract each other because of the intermolecular force of attraction. 

Why liquids are called fluids?

The particles in the liquid are less tightly packed in comparison to solids. in liquids, the intermolecular force of attraction is weaker and intermolecular gaps are larger. Hence the particles are free to move within the bulk and thus liquid can flow. Therefore liquids is called fluids.

What is Sublimation and name the three substances which can go through the process of sublimation? 

Sublimation is a process in which a substance changes directly from the solid state to the vapour state. 

 Example: Camphor, naphthalene, iodine crystals, ammonium chloride etc. 

Class VII : Biology : Plant and Animal Tissues

Spellings to Remember 

1. organism
2. microscopic
3. unicellular organisms
4. multicellular organisms
5. protoplasm
6. organelles
7. tissues
8. organs
9. organ systems
10. fertilised egg = zygote
11. contractile
12. meristematic tissues
13. permanent tissues
14. Petri dish
15. sprouts
16. nuclei
17. conspicuous
18. vacuoles
19. differentiated
20. Epidermis
21. waxy
22. parenchyma
23. collenchyma
24. sclerenchyma
25. intercellular spaces
26. chlorophyll
27. elongated
28. longitudinal section
29. cross section
30. spherical
31. photosynthesis
32. respiration
33. buoyancy
34. aquatic
35. petioles
36. vascular tissue
37. xylem
38. phloem
39. tracheids
40. vessels
41. xylem parenchyma
42. xylem fibres
43. minerals
44. transpiration
45. tubular
46. sieve tubes
47. phloem parenchyma
48. phloem fibres
49. conduction
50. unidirectional
51. bidirectional
52. cambium
53. Epithelial (covering) tissue
54. Connective (supportive ) tissue
55. Muscular (contractile) tissue
56. Nervous (message conveying) tissue
57. flat
58. cuboidal
59. columnar
60. Squamous epithelium
61. Cuboidal Epithelium
62. Columnar epithelium
63. Ciliate epithelium
64. absorption
65. stomach
66. intestine
67. secretory
68. oviduct
69. cilia
70. lashing
71. cartilage
72. clear ground substance (matrix)
73. vertebrates
74. phosphorous salt
75. areolar
76. adipose
77. tendons
78. ligaments
79. blood
80. lymph
81. plasma
82. red blood corpuscles
83. white blood corpuscles
84. platelets
85. leukocytes
86. blood capillaries
87. glucose
88. amino acids
89. oxygen
90. connective tissue
91. supportive connective tissue
92. fibrous connective tissue
93. fluid connective tissue
94. muscular tissue
95. locomotion
96. striated
97. skeletal
98. striped
99. voluntary
100. unstriated
101. smooth
102. unstriped involuntary
103. cardiac
104. alimentary canal
105. contraction
106. iris
107. urinary bladder
108. stimulation
109. nervous tissue
110. neurons
111. nerve cell
112. cyton
113. nucleus
114. dendrites
115. dendrons
116. axon

Class VII : Physics: Physical Quantities and Measurements

Class VII : Physics: Physical Quantities and Measurements

Volume

Definition: The space occupied by an object is called its volume.

Units and their relations :

S.I Unit of Volume: m³

1 m³   =  10⁶ cm³

1 L = 1,000 cm³ = 1,000mL

1mL = 1cm³ = 10^-6 m³

Measurement of Volume of regular objects : Formulae

1. Volume of a cube = (one side) ³
2. Volume of a cuboid = length x breadth x height
3. Volume of a sphere = (4π /3 ) x (radius) ³
4. Volume of  cylinder = π  x  (radius)²  x height
5. Volume of cone = ( π / 3 ) x  (radius)² x height 

Area 

Definition: The surface occupied by an object is called its area. 

Units and their relations :

S. I unit of Area: m²

1 are = 1 square decametre = 10² m²

1 hectare = 10⁴ m²

1 km² = 10⁶ m²

1 cm² = 10^-4 m²

1mm² = 10^-6 m²

Measurement of Area of regular objects: Formulae

1. Area of a squre = (one side) ²
2. Area of a rectangle = length x breadth
3. Area of a circle= π x (radius)² 
4. Surface Area of a cylinder = 2π  x  radius  x length
5. Surface Area of sphere =  4π  x  (radius)²

Density

Definition: The density of a  substance is defined as the mass of a unit volume of that substance.

Density = Mass / Volume

d = M / V

Units and their relations :

S.I Unit of Density = Kg/ m³

C.G.S unit o Density = g/ cm³

1 g/ cm³ = 1000  Kg/ m³

Speed

Definition:  The distance covered by a body in unit time is called the speed of the body.

Speed = Distance traveled / Time taken

Speed (v) = d / t

Units and their relations :

S. I. Unit of time = m/s

1 km/hour = 1/3.6 m/s

3.6 km/h = 1 m/s

लिंग परिवर्तन

लिंग परिवर्तन

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                       पुल्लिंग   --------------------- स्त्रील्लिंग

1	अध्यापक	अध्यापिका
2	अभिमानी	अभिमानिनी
3	आत्मज	आत्मजा
4	आदमी	औरत
5	आयुष्मान	आयुष्मती
7	इंद्र	इंद्राणी
8	ऊंट	ऊंटनी
9	कवि	कवयित्री
10	कांत	कांता
11	काहार	कहारिन
12	कुत्ता	कुतिया
14	कुम्हार	कुम्हारिन
15	क्षत्रिय	क्षत्राणी
16	गायक	गायिका
17	गुड्डा	गुडिया
18	गुणवान	गुणवती
19	ग्वाला	ग्वालिन
21	चिडा	चिडिया
22	चूहा	चुहिया
23	छड	छडी
24	छात्र	छात्रा
25	छुरा	छुरी
26	जमादार	जमादारिन
28	जाट	जाटनी
29	जुलाहा	जुलाही
30	जेठ	जेठानी
31	ठाकुर	ठकुराइन
32	डिब्बा	डिबिया
33	तपस्वी	तपस्विनी
35	तेली	तेलिन
36	दरजी	दरजिन
37	दुल्हा	दुल्हन
38	देवर	देवरानी
39	धनवान	धनवती
40	धोबी	धोबीन
42	नद	नदी
43	नर	नारी
44	नर	मादा
45	नाई	नाईन
46	नाई	नाईन
47	नाग	नागिन
49	नाटक	नाटिका
50	नाती	नातिन
51	नाना	नानी
52	नायक	नायिका
53	निर्मल	निर्मला
54	पंडा	पंडाइन
56	पंडित	पंडिताइन
57	पडोसी	पडोसन
58	पहाड	पहाडी
59	पिता	माता
60	पुत्र	पुत्री
61	प्रिय	प्रिया
63	फूफा	फूफी
64	बंदर	बॅंदरिया
65	बकरा	बकरी
66	बकरा	बकरी
67	बच्चा	बच्ची
68	बछडा	बछिया
70	बनिया	बनियाइन
71	बाबू	बबुआइन
72	बालक	बालिका
73	बुद्धीमान	बुद्धीमती
74	बूढा	बुढिया
75	बैल	गाय
77	ब्राम्हण	ब्राम्हणी
78	भगवान	भगवती
79	भतीजा	भतीजी
80	भवदीय	भवदीया
81	भाई	बहन
82	भिखारी	भिखारिन
84	भील	भीलनी
85	मछली	मछली
86	मनस्वी	मनस्विनी
87	महादेव	महादेवी
88	महोदय	महोदयी
89	मालिक	मालकिन
91	माली	मालिन
92	मुरगा	मुरगी
93	मोर	मोरनी
94	यशस्वी	यशस्विनी
95	याचक	याचिका
96	युवक	युवती
98	राजपूत	राजपूतनी
99	राजा	रानी
100	रीछ	रीछनी
101	लडका	लडकी
102	लाला	ललाइन
103	लेखक	लेखिका
105	लोटा	लोटिया
106	वर	वधू
107	वाघ	वाघिन
108	वाचक	वाचिका
109	विद्वान	विदुषी
110	विधुर	विधवा
112	वृध्द	वृध्दा
113	शक्तिमान	शक्तीमती
114	शिक्षक	शिक्षिका
115	शिष्य	शिष्या
116	शेर	शेरनी
117	श्रीमान	श्रीमती
119	संपादक	संपादिका
120	सम्राट	साम्राज्ञी
121	सर्प	सर्पिणी
122	ससुर	सास
123	सिंह	सिंहनी
124	सुंदर	सुंदरी
126	सुत	सुता
127	सुनार	सुनारिन
128	सुनार	सुनारिन
129	सेवक	सेविका
130	स्वामी	स्वामिनी
131	हंस	हंसिनी
133	हलवाई	हलवाइन
134	हाथी	हथनी
135	हिरन	हिरनी

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Class VI- Geography - Climate, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

Class VI- Geography - Climate, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife 

The climate of South America

Why South America displays a variety of climates?

Ans: 

The continent of South America lies in both the hemisphere, a small northern part in the Northen Hemisphere and the larger part in the Southern Hemisphere. The seasons in the Northern Hemisphere are opposite to those in the Southern Hemisphere. Therefore, South America displays a large variety of climates.

What are the factors affecting the climate in South America? 

Following factors affect the climate in South America:

1. Location of the continent
2. Presence of the Andes Cordillera
3. Prevailing winds 
4. Ocean Currents

1) Location of the Continent: 

• Because of its location seasons are reversed in South America. So there is summer in December and January and winter in June and July. 
• Since the major part of the continent lies in the tropical zone, the region receives warm sunshine and heavy rainfall throughout the year. 

2) Presence of Andes Cordillera 

• Andes mountains create a massive barrier between the Pacific Ocean and the rest of the continent of South America. This barrier greatly impacts the climate in the continent.
• The northern part of Andes is rainy and warm.
• The west side of the central Andes is extremely dry and includes the Atacama Desert. The east side of central Andes is much wetter.
• In the south, the western side of the Andes tends to be wet while the eastern plains of Argentina are in the rain shadow area and are very dry.
• Many peaks in the Andes receive heavy snowfall and have glaciers.

3) Prevailing Winds

• The northern and eastern part of the continent receives rainfall from the Atlantic ocean by the North-east and South-east trade winds.
• In the South, the Westerlies bring rainfall from the Pacific Ocean.
• The Guiana Highlands and Brazil receive heavy rainfall from the North-east and South-east trade winds.

4) Ocean Currents

• The warm Brazillian current in the East and the cold Peruvian Current in the West greatly influence the climate of the coastal areas.

Distribution of Rainfall in South America

• Part of the continent which lies in the tropical region receives heavy rainfall throughout the year from the Trade Winds.
• The areas on either side of the Andes mountains receive less rainfall
• The South-Western parts get most of the rainfall from the Westerly winds which come from Pacific ocean.  Therefore western part of the Andes is wetter than the eastern side.

Eqatorial Climate	Tropical Climate
Eqatorial climate is found on both sides if the Equator.	Tropical climate us found on both sides if tge Amazon Basin, in the North Orinoco Basin and in the southern part if the Brazilian highlands.
The climate is hot and humid with heavy rainfall throughout the year.	The summers are long, wet and hot with plenty of rainfall, while winters are short, cool and dry.
This type of climate is experienced in most of Brazil, Guyana, French Guiana, large parts of Venezuela and Suriname	This type of climate is experienced by Brazil, Venezuela, northern Argentina, western Paraguay and Guyana.

Temperate Grassland	Tropical Grassland
These are called Pampas.	These are call Llanos and Campos in different areas.
Temperate grasslands are found towards the south of Gran Chaco in North-eastern and central Argentina and Uruguay.	Tropical grasslands are found in the Orinoco basin, Guiana Highlands and in the Brazilian highlands.
This is fertile treeless area suitable for cattle grazing, daily farming and whet cultivation.	These are the grasslands of the Savanna type, with tall and coarse grass. Only a few trees are found scattered here and there.
During summer there is moderate rain and the temperatures are warm. Winter is cold. The grass that grows is shorter and softer than the grass of Llanos and Campos	The eastern part of Brazil comes within the belt of the Trade Winds that cross over the ocean, blowing eastwards and bringing heavy rain to the Brazilian East coast. As a result, tropical forests with deciduous trees are found here.

Vegetation in the Atacama desert	Vegetation in the Patagonia Desert
·         The vegetation is very limited because of scanty rainfall. ·         Drought resistant varieties like cactus, prickly pear, scrub and thorny bushes are found here.	The central parts of the steppe are dominated by shrubby and herbaceous plant species to the west, where precipitation is higher and bushes are replaced by grasses.

Guanaco	Llama
Guanaco are graceful animals, related to camels but have a head and ears similar to a mule, legs like a stag and tail like a horse.	The llama is a South American relative of the camel without hump.
They are found throughout South America.	These sturdy creatures are domestic animals used by the people of the Andes Mountains.
All guanacos have a thick woolly coat that can be light brown, brownish yellow or a rusty red.

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Marathi Numbers 51- 100

Marathi Numbers 51-100

Number in English	Number in Marathi	Number in words in Marathi
51	५१	एक्कावन्न
52	५२	बावन्न
53	५३	त्रेपन्न
54	५४	चोपन्न
55	५५	पंचावन्न
56	५६	छ्पन्न
57	५७	सत्तावन्न
58	५८	अठ्ठावन्न
59	५९	एकोणसाठ
60	६०	साठ
61	६१	एकसष्ट
62	६२	बासष्ट
63	६३	त्रेसष्ट
64	६४	चौसष्ट
65	६५	पासष्ट
66	६६	सहासष्ट
67	६७	सदुसष्ट
68	६८	अडुसष्ट
69	६९	एकोणसत्तर
70	७०	सत्तर
71	७१	एक्काहत्तर
72	७२	बाहत्तर
73	७३	त्र्याहत्तर
74	७४	चौर्‍याहत्तर
75	७५	पंच्याहत्तर
76	७६	शहात्तर
77	७७	सत्त्याहत्तर
78	७८	अठ्याहत्तर
79	७९	एकोणऐंशी
80	८०	ऐंशी
81	८१	एक्याऐंशी
82	८२	ब्याऐंशी
83	८३	त्र्याऐंशी
84	८४	चौर्‍याऐंशी
85	८५	पंच्याऐंशी
86	६	शहाऐंशी
87	८७	सत्त्याऐंशी
88	८८	अठ्याऐंशी
89	८९	एकोणनव्वद
90	९०	नव्वद
91	९१	एक्याण्णव
92	९२	ब्याण्णव
93	९३	त्र्याण्णव
94	९४	चौर्‍याण्णव
95	९५	पंच्याण्णव
96	९६	शहाण्णव
97	९७	सत्त्याण्णव
98	९८	अठ्ठ्याण्णव
99	९९	नव्याण्णव
100	१००	शंभर