English - Grammar - Direct and Indirect Speeches

Grammar: Direct and Indirect Speeches 

Tense of Reporting Verb	Direct	Indirect
Present Tense (say)	1.       Say + Is 2.       Say + was 3.       Say + will be	No change 1.       Say + Is 2.       Say +was 3.       Say + will be
Present Perfect Tense (has/have said)	1.       Has said + Is 2.       Has said + was 3.       Has said + will be	No change 1.       Has said + Is 2.       Has said + was 3.       Has said + will be
Future Tense (will say)	Will say + needs (for e.g.)	No change Will say + needs (for e.g.)
Past Tense (said)	Simple Present Said + is	Change   Simple Past Said +was
	Present continuous Said + is + verb +ing For e.g. ·         Said + is swimming	Change   Past continuous Said + was + verb +ing For e.g. ·         Said + was swimming
	Present Perfect Said + have/has + verb + ed For e.g. ·         Said + have swam ·         Said + has booked	Change   Past Perfect Said + had + verb + ed For e.g. ·         Said + had swum ·         Said +  had booked
	Past Tense Verb + ed For e.g. ·         Arrived ·         Swam	Change   Past Perfect Tense Had + verb + ed For e.g. ·         Had arrived ·         Had swum
	Future Tense Will + verb For e.g. ·         Will read	Change   Future Tense Would + verb For e.g. ·         would read

Direct	Indirect
I, we , you ........	He, she, they........
My, you........	His, her, their........
Now	Then
This	That
Here	There
These	Those
Today	That day
Tonight	That night
Tomorrow	The next day
Yesterday	The Previous day

Class VI : Maths (Geometry) Quadrilateral

QUADRILATERAL

Quadrilateral
A quadrilateral is a closed figure. The most important property of quadrilateral is The sum of the interior angles of a quadrilateral is 360⁰. ∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = 360⁰.
Types of Quadrilateral
Convex Quadrilateral If each angle of quadrilateral is less than 180⁰, then it is called a convex quadrilateral
Concave Quadrilateral If at least one angle of quadrilateral is more than 180⁰, then it is called a concave quadrilateral
Types of Quadrilateral
1	Trapezium :  A trapezium is a quadrilateral in which one pair of opposite sides are parallel whereas the other pair of opposite sides are non-parallel ·         ∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D = 360⁰. ·         AB and DC are parallel ·         AD and BC are not  parallel ·         ∠A and ∠D are co-interior angles. ·        ∠B and ∠C are co-interior angles. ·        ∠A + ∠D = 180⁰ ·        ∠B + ∠C = 180⁰
2	Isosceles Trapezium: If the non parallel sides of trapezium are equal then it is called Isosceles Trapezium. ·         ∠A = ∠B  and ∠C =∠D ·         ∠A + ∠D = 180⁰ and ∠B + ∠C = 180⁰ ·         ∠A + ∠C = 180⁰ and ∠B + ∠D = 180⁰ ·         Diagonal AC = diagonal BD
3	Parallelogram: A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which both the pairs of opposite sides are parallel. ·         Opposite sides are equal.  AB = DC and AD = BC ·         Opposite angles are equal ∠A = ∠C  and ∠B =∠D ·         Adjacent angles are supplementary  i.e.  o   ∠A + ∠B = 180⁰ o   ∠B + ∠C = 180⁰ o   ∠C + ∠D = 180⁰ o   ∠D + ∠A = 180⁰ ·         Diagonals bisect each other. If diagonals AC and BD intersect each other at point O then       OA=OC = ½ (AC) and OB=OD = ½(BD)
4	Rectangle: A rectangle is a quadrilateral in which every angle is 90⁰ ( a right-angle) ·         ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = ∠D = 90⁰ ·         Opposite sides are equal.  AB = DC and AD = BC ·         Opposite sides are parallel ·         AB || DC and AD ||BC ·         Diagonals are equal, AC = BD ·         Diagonals bisect each other. If diagonals AC and BD intersect each other at point O then       OA=OC = ½ (AC) and OB=OD = ½(BD)
5	Rhombus : ·         A quadrilateral with all the sides equal is called a rhombus. AB=BC=CD=DA ·         A quadrilateral is a rhombus, if its diagonals bisect each other at 90⁰ ·         A parallelogram with any pair of adjacent sides equal is a rhombus. ·         In a rhombus, diagonals bisect the angles at vertex
6	Square :  A square is a quadrilateral in which ·         All the sides are equal  AB=BC=BC=DC ·         Each angle is 90⁰  ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = ∠D = 90⁰ ·         Diagonals are equal and bisect each other at 90⁰